Childhood trauma leaves lasting changes in children's brains

What the research found

A study of 149 young people aged 8 to 17 found that those with more threat-related experiences, such as violence, had thinner cortex in some brain areas and smaller amygdala volume, especially the younger ones. These links weakened once other kinds of adversity were taken into account.

A 2025 narrative review says childhood maltreatment influences brain development, especially in early childhood and adolescence. A 2020 systematic review of 72 studies found links between maltreatment and altered DNA methylation, a process that regulates how genes work. It said the lack of long-term follow-up and possible confounding limit what can be concluded.

A paediatric guidance page says significant childhood adversity can disrupt brain development through ongoing stress, and that the brain's ability to rewire itself declines with age. A children's hospital fact sheet says trauma affects children in different ways, and some children never show signs.

What it doesn’t mean

• This does not mean every child who has a hard experience will have permanent brain damage. Reactions depend on age, support and how the child experienced the event.
• The review authors say some brain and gene changes could be reversed through psychological and other support. Getting help early and keeping a child feeling safe matters.
• If your child has gone through something frightening and shows changes in sleep, mood or behaviour, talk to your GP or child health nurse. A child's regular doctor is a good place to start.